The National Academy of Engineering, founded in 1964, is a private, independent, nonprofit institution. In addition to its role as advisor to the federal government, the academy also conducts independent studies to examine important topics in engineering and technology provides engineering leadership in service to the country. The academy operates under the same congressional act of incorporation that established the National Academy of Sciences, signed in 1863 by President Lincoln. Under this charter the academy is directed when called upon by any department or agency of the government, to investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art. Each year the academy salutes leaders in engineering for a lifetime dedication to the field and a commitment to advancing the human condition through great engineering achievement and or through innovation in engineering and technology education. In addition to offices in Washington, DC, the academy maintains meeting facilities in Irvine, Calif., and Woods Hole, Mass.